As a native species, plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) has a long history in North America, and it has been a thorn in the side of growers for as long as there have been people to grow fruit here. The first writing describing its damage on domesticated fruit dates back to the 18th century, and its propensity for various native fruits indicates that it was almost certainly a pest of indigenous permaculturalists as well. Yet, despite the long history of this insect as a serious pest in multiple fruit systems, the last truly full review of it was in the seminal 1912 book The Plum Curculio. (Photo by Pest and Diseases Image Library , Bugwood.org)