As fall armyworm continues to threaten food security in Africa, the use of Bt maize offers significant potential to manage the pest. But it will be critical to manage resistance via multi-toxin crop varieties and appropriate use of refuge planting—all in forms accessible to the smallholder farmers that grow nearly all of Africa’s maize. In sub-Saharan Africa, risk of food insecurity due to fall armyworm is highest in places where households have limited coping capacity and governments have low capacity to support farmers in pest management and to absorb production shortfalls. (Image originally published in Van den Berg et al 2021, Journal of Economic Entomology)