A timeline illustrates estimated changes in northeastern forest cover, while tailed deer density, and trends in lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) populations. (All trends are descriptive rather than quantitative.) Arrows indicate various time periods: A) Active management of northeastern forests and deer hunting by Native Americans. B) Precipitous Native American decline in 1600s, leading to regrowth of forests and deer populations. C) Peak of the dense primary forest in 1700s. D) Rapid decline in forested land in mid-1800s due to agriculture, and later clear cutting; deer extirpated in many areas. E) Reforestation (accompanied by invasive understory) and deer herd restoration in 20th century. (Image originally published in Rochlin et al 2022, Journal of Medical Entomology)